International Journal of Agricultural Engineering

S. N. Bansude ¹, A. A. Shinde ¹, P. D. Ukey ¹, G. L. Chunale ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Agricultural Process Engineering, Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Talsande, Kolhapur (M.S.), IN
2 Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Research National Agricultural Research Project, Shenda Park, Karveer (M.S.), IN

Abstract

Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) is one of the important tropical crops. India is largest producer, processor, exporter and consumer of it in the world. The recovery of the kernel (edible meat portion) from raw nuts by mechanical or manual means refers to processing of cashew nut. It consists of various processes in series viz., moisture conditioning, roasting, shelling, drying, peeling, grading and packing etc. A small cashew processing unit consisting of steamer, cooker, shelling machine and dryer was tested for its performance for the cashew nut variety 'Vengurla-5' (Ansure Arli). The unit has received at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Shenda Park; Kolhapur under "Technology Park" sanctioned Commissioner, Agriculture M.S. and Pune. The six treatments consisting of various combinations for pressure and time were evaluated for the performance of unit. The study revealed that treatment combination (4.5 kg/cm² and 20 min) gain maximum recovery of whole kernels as well as over all recovery of kernels, with minimum moisture content, which is desirable for good quality product in the markets. The treatment condition consisting of keeping raw cashew nut at 4.5 kg/cm² pressure for 20 minutes duration for the given processing unit is best for maximum recovery of good quality kernels and overall total recovery of kernels with minimum moisture content.

Keywords

Cashew Nut, Maximum Recovery of Kernel, Moisture Content.

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S. N. Bansude ¹, G. L. Chunale ², A. A. Shinde ³

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.), IN
2 Agricultural Engineering, Zonal Agricultural Research Station (M.P.K.V.), Karveer (M.S.), IN
3 Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd. Ramthal Lift Irrigation Scheme, Bagalkot (Karnataka), IN

Abstract

The hydrological investigation was carried out to develop a mathematical expression for Muskingum model on the basis of application of unit-step function for prediction of direct runoff hydrographs from Shenda Park watershed, Kolhapur of Maharashtra state considering it to be a lumped, linear and timeinvariant system. Generally the ordinates of direct runoff are obtained directly as the inverse Laplace transform of the product of Laplace transform of the input and the transfer function of the system. The value of model parameter, storage constant (K) was estimated, which was found to be 0.37 (hr). Direct runoff hydrographs were developed against three values of weighing factor, X = 0.00 (reservoir routing), X = 0.05 (channel routing), and X = 0.10 (channel routing). Performance evaluation of developed model in determining direct runoff hydrograph ordinates was evaluated using various statistical indices. For weighing factor, X = 0.00, the overall average values of co-efficient of efficiency (CE), co-efficient of correlation (R), special correlation co-efficient (R_s), ischolar_main mean square error (RSME) and percentage absolute deviation in peak flow (PAD_p) and runoff volume (PAD_v) were found to be 0.902, 0.962, 0.926, 0.0013 and 17.66 and 2.65, respectively. Based on all the evaluation criteria, model can be easily applied for the prediction of direct runoff hydrograph ordinates for the study watershed.

Keywords

Direct Runoff Hydrograph, Muskingum Model, Laplace Transform.

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S. N. Bansude ¹, G. L. Chunale ², A. A. Shinde ³, Pravendra Kumar ⁴

Affiliations
1 Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krushi Vidyapeeth, Akola (M.S.), IN
2 Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Shenda Park (M.P.K.V.), Karveer (M.S.), IN
3 Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd., Ramthal Lift Irrigation Scheme, Bagalkot (Karnataka), IN
4 Department of Soil and Water Conservation Engineering, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar(Uttarakhand), IN

Abstract

In the present study, two mathematical models namely (i) Lag and route model and (ii) Muskingum model which are based on unit-step and transfer functions approach were developed for runoff prediction from Shenda park watershed treating the watershed as lumped, linear and time-invariant system. The hydrological data of the study watershed were collected from zonal station of National Agricultural Research Project, Shenda Park, Kolhapur (M.S.) for the years 2000 to 2008. Out of twelve single storm events, nine storm events were included in the analysis for parameters estimation and remaining three storm events were considered for prediction purposes. The model parameters, viz., lag time and (τ) and storage co-efficient (K) of Lag and route model were estimated by the methods of cumulants (Singh, 1988) and moments (Nash, 1957) whereas the model parameter storage constant (K) for Muskingum model was estimated by using method suggested by Jawed (1973). Performance evaluation of these two developed model in determining direct runoff hydrograph ordinates were evaluated using various statistical indices such as correlation co-efficient (R), special correlation co-efficient (Rs.), co-efficient of efficiency (CE) and ischolar_main mean square error (RMSE). The results showed that both the developed model can be used for prediction of the direct run off hydrograph from the study watershed, however, direct runoff hydrographs obtained through Muskingun models are much closer to actual observed direct runoff hydrograph than that of Lag and route model.

Keywords

Lag and Route Model, Muskingum Model, Unit-Step Transfer Functions.

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